Important announcement to make which is the most epic chip building exercise in history by far. This is really going to take things to the next level. So A level probably people aren't even contemplating right now. This is not in the I'd call this sort of an out of context problem. It's not in their context. So we're going to adjust the context by a few orders of magnitude here. It's a joint effort. I'm pressing the button. But the button is not working. Oh, there we go. Okay. So, yeah. We aspire to be a galactic organ a galactic civilization. So I think the the future that everyone or most people I think would agree is the most exciting is one where we are out there among the stars. Where we are not forever confined to one planet, that we become a multi planet species like the best science science fiction that you've ever read. You know, Star Trek or Iain Banks or Asimov or Heinlein and we want to make that real. Yeah. Not just fiction. Turn science fiction to science fact. That's the glorious exciting future that that I certainly look forward to. And it's it's worth considering sort of like how would you rate civilizations? You know, there's so there was a physicist, I think it was Russian in the sixties, Kardashev. He he thought about at a high level, how would you consider any given civilization? And he said, well, if you're type one, you're using most of the energy of your planet. And we actually still have quite a ways to go to be properly a type one. We're still using a tiny fraction of the sun's energy that reaches our planet. See, there we go. But the earth only receives about half a billionth of the sun's energy. So the sun is truly enormous. The the sun is 99.8% of all mass in the solar system. So sometimes people will ask me like, what about other power sources of power on earth? Like, what about fusion on earth? Well, that is unfortunately very small because the sun is 99.8% of mass in the solar system. And Jupiter is about point 1% and earth is in the miscellaneous category. We are I think it's Carl Sagan, I think might have said, earth is a is like a tiny dust mote in a vast darkness. Very very small. The sun is enormous. So the way to actually scale civilization is to scale power in space. This is necessarily true because the the we we we actually capture such a tiny amount of the sun's energy on earth because we're just this tiny dust mote. The another way to think of it is roughly like electricity production on earth of all of civilization is only about a trillionth of the sun's energy. Which means if you increase civilizational power output by a million, you would still only be a millionth of the sun's energy. I mean, it's it's it's awe inspiring to consider that. Just how tiny we are in the grand scheme of things. And yet, we we often get sort of caught up in the sort of these sort of squabbles on earth that are really very minor things when you consider the grandness of the universe. And so I think it is important actually to consider the grandness of the universe and what we can do that is much greater than what we've done before as opposed to worry about sort of small squabbles on earth type of thing. Not much more than that. Yeah. We wanna be a civilization that expands to the galaxy with with spaceships that anyone can go anywhere they want at any time. That would be epic. And have a city on the moon, cities on Mars, populate the solar system and send spaceships to other star systems. That sounds like the best possible future. You know? So to do that, we need to harness the power of the sun and so a TeraFab while it is enormous, a terawatt of compute per year is is enormous by our sort of civilizational standards. It is still just one step along the way of being even a Kardashev. You still have a long way to go to even be a Kardashev two level civilization and you're not even registering as a Kardashev three. So it's a very big thing by current human standards but but still small in the grand scheme. And it's very difficult for humans. To to accomplish this very difficult goal really requires a combination of efforts of SpaceX, XAI and Tesla working together to create this epic TerraFab project. And, you know, Tesla and XAI and and SpaceX have all done amazing things that people did not think would be done before. So there's the the the giga of Giga Texas fab here. There's you know, the the the Optimus robot that's being built. There's a global supercharging network. There's really quite a lot. And it wasn't that long ago when people thought electric cars wouldn't wouldn't amount to anything. And there were there were basically no electric cars for sale when when Tesla started. And And people said it was impossible and now Tesla's making 2,000,000 electric cars a year. Then XAI, although it's a new company, now part of SpaceX, has also built the first gigawatt scale compute cluster which in record time. Jensen Huang from NVIDIA said he'd never seen anything built so fast in his life before. So a great compliment from from Nvidia. And then SpaceX, well, I guess you can read it for yourself. I'm well, you already know. I mean, the reusable rockets, people said that reusable rockets weren't possible and even if you did do them, they wouldn't be economically feasible. So we did them and then we made them economically feasible. And now we've landed over 500 times. And that then we did the Falcon Heavy and now we're doing Starship. And Starship is a is a critical piece of the puzzle because in order to scale compute and scale power, you have to go to space which means that you need massive payload to space and Starship will enable that. So this gives you sort of just a sense of scale. We've got Optimus there, Optimus for scale. And Optimus is about five eleven so it gives you a sense of the size of the Starship b three rocket. Starship b four will be much longer actually. The Starship b four will make Starship v three look kinda short. So, we'll we'll expand with Starship v three to 200 tons of payload to orbit from a 100 tons. We'll start with v three. And then you can see that just the, that's just a rough approximation of the the AI's, the mini version of the AI sat. So that's roughly a 100 kilowatts. It's showing the solar panels and the radiator to scale. So for some reason, there's been a bizarre debate about radiators in space. It's safe to say SpaceX knows how to do heat rejection in space with 10,000 satellites in orbit. Might know a thing or two. So you can see the radiator is actually quite small relative to the solars the solar panels. And we call that the the mini sat since that's just a 100 kilowatts. We expect future satellites to probably go to the megawatt range. Yeah. So in order to get to the terawatts of compute per year, you need about 10,000,000 tons to orbit per year and at a 100 kilowatts per ton. So we're we're confident this is feasible. Like no new physics or impossible things are required to to get there. So I'm confident actually that SpaceX will get to, 10,000,000 tons to orbit per year. And then we'll be we're building up to a terawatt of solar. So that solves the well, we'll solve the solar problem, the power generation. So then the the key missing ingredient is therefore a terawatt of compute. So this announcement is about solving the key missing ingredient. To give you a sense of what we're talking about, the current output of AI compute, is roughly 20 gigawatts per year. This chart explains why we need to build the tariff app because all of the rest of the output from earth is about 2% of what we need. So if you add up all the fabs on earth combined, they're only about 2% of what we need for the for the Terra watt project or TeraFab project. So, you know, we we we certainly want our existing supply chain, to be clear, we're very grateful to our existing supply chain, to Samsung, TSMC, Micron and and and others. And we would like them to expand as quickly as they can and we will buy all of their chips. I have said these exact words to them and but but there's there's a maximum rate at which they're comfortable expanding but that rate is much less than we would like. And so we we either build the TerraFab or we don't have the chips and we need the chips so we're going build TerraFab. And we're starting off with an advanced technology fab here in Austin. And and I believe governor Abbott is in the audience. I'd like to thank governor Abbott and the state of Texas for their support. Alright. So in the advanced technology fab, we we will have all of the equipment necessary to make a chip of any kind, logical memory and we will also have all of the equipment necessary to make the lithography masks. So in a single building, we can create a lithography mask, make the chip, test the chip, make another mask, and and and have an incredibly fast recursive loop for improving the chip design. To the best of my knowledge, this doesn't exist anywhere in the world where you've got everything necessary to build logic, memory, and do packaging, and test it, and then do the masks, improve the masks, and and just keep looping it. So and we're we're not just gonna do conventional compute in this. I think there's some very interesting new physics that is potentially that that actually I'm confident will work. It's just a question of when. So this is gonna we're really gonna push the limit of physics in in compute. And we're gonna try a bunch of wild and crazy things, which you can do if you've got that fast iteration loop. That I can't emphasize enough the importance of being able to make a chip, test it and and then make and then change the design, do another one and have that in a single building. The I I think that our recursive improvement with that situation is probably an order of magnitude better than anything else in the world. Yeah. So broadly speaking, we expect to make two two kinds of chips. One will be optimized for edge and inference. So that'll be used primarily in Optimus and in the cars. But but especially in Optimus because I expect the robots, humanoid robots to be made 10 to a 100 times more than the volume of cars. So, you know, if if vehicle production, vehicle production growth is about a 100,000,000 vehicles a year, and I expect humanoid robot production to be somewhere between a 10,000,000,000 units a year. So it's a lot. So, yeah, Tesla's gonna make a very significant percentage of those is our goal. And then we need a high power chip that is designed for space, that takes into account, the more difficult environment in space where you've got high power you've you've got high energy ions, photons, you've got electron build up. It's it's a hostile environment in space. So you wanna design the chip, you wanna optimize it for space. And and you also want to generally run it a little harder than you would normally run a chip on earth to minimize the radiator mass. So there's just a bunch of constraints that wouldn't you you design something differently in space than you would on on the ground. And, for the space compute, my guess is that is the vast majority of the compute because you you're power constrained on earth. That's I think it's probably a 100 to 200 gigawatts a year of terrestrial chips and probably on the order of a terawatt of ships in space. Just because of power constraints on the ground is is probably that's probably how it ends up. Space has this advantage that it's always sunny. It's very nice. So I I actually think that the cost of AI and deploying AI in space will drop below the cost of terrestrial AI much sooner than most people expect. I think it may be only two or three years before it is actually lower cost to send AI chips to space than it is on the ground. Because in in space, you don't need much in the way of batteries because of it's always sunny. And the solar power, you can you're gonna get at least five or more times the solar power you get in space on versus the ground because you don't have atmospheric attenuation or a day night cycle or seasonality. And you're always normal to the sun. So you're really maximizing the the the solar power at that point. And this this space solar actually costs less than terrestrial solar because you don't need heavy glass or framing to protect it from extreme weather events. So as soon as the cost to orbit drops to a low number, it immediately makes extremely compelling sense to put AI in space. It's it becomes a no brainer basically. Moreover, as you go to to space, you get increased economies of scale and things get easier over time whereas as you try to put more and more power on the ground, you run out of space and and you you you start using up the the easy spots and then you get next level Numbe. Nobody wants the thing in their backyard. So then so actually increasing power on earth has becomes harder over time and more expensive over time, but in space, it becomes actually cheaper and easier over time. These are these are very important points. Yeah. So what what you just thought there was because of course you're asking what's on your mind is, well, what do you do after a terafab? Don't think small. Well, yeah, good point. So we you know, how do you get to a petawatt is is the obvious next question. And you get there by having an electromagnetic mass driver on the moon with robots, with Optimi, and obviously lots of humans. And, with that you can send, a petawatt. You can create a petawatt of compute and send that to deep space because on the moon, moon has no atmosphere and has one sixth earth gravity so you can you you don't need rockets on the moon. You can literally accelerate it to escape velocity from the surface And that dramatically drops the cost once again of harnessing power and enables you to go a thousand times bigger than a terawatt. So for sure, the future I wanna see I I want us to live long enough to see the the mass driver on the moon because that's gonna be incredibly epic. Yeah. That should hopefully get us to a millionth of the sun's energy at least. Humbling to think about that. But a millionth of sun's energy would be a million times bigger than Earth's economy, so it's good from that perspective. And then, yeah, you expand beyond that to the planets, to the other stars, and create the most exciting possible future than that I can imagine. This looks a bit like the opening in Idiocracy with Mike Judge. Unlocking an age of amazing abundance. So, obviously, elements of that are sustainable energy, space travel, and a n ri AI and robotics that bring amazing abundance to everyone. And it's it's really the it's really the only path to amazing abundance is AI and AI and robotics. Which is not to say it can't go wrong. Hopefully, you know, but I think it'll probably go right and it'll be a future that you that you love. And it's the best future I can think of at least. And then we go beyond the moon, beyond Mars, and we sail through the rings of Saturn. Now, wouldn't it be amazing if you could buy a trip to Saturn? Frankly, if you just have a trip to Saturn. I think things will be free in the future. Sounds nuts, but, you know, if you've got an AI robotics economy that is anywhere close to a million times the size of the current Earth economy, literally any need you possibly want can be met. If you can think of it, you can have it. So I think Ian Banks in his culture books has it pretty much right where there there actually isn't money in the future and there's abundance for for everyone. If you can think of it, you can have it. That's it. Which means anyone could have a trip to Saturn. It won't be, you know, just a few people. If you want it, you can have it. Yeah. So Yeah. Join join us on this journey and help us design incredible chips and make incredible chips and build a terawatt of chips, a terawatt of solar and 10,000,000 tons to orbit per year. Thank you.
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